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[112] 此地大约位于北纬54度，东经140度。请参见Tan Qixiang，ed. 1982 Zhongguo lishi ditu ji. Vol. 7，Yuan-Mingde qi. Shanghai：Ditu chubanshe，VII，地图13与地图83。
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[119] YS Yuanshih. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1978，ch. 10，217，and ch. 22，485；Rashīd/K Rashīd al-Dīn. al-tavārīkh. Ed. Karīmī. Tehran：Eqbal，1959. I vols.，654；and Rashīd/B Rashid al-Dīn. The Successors of Genghis Khan. Trans. John A.Boyle. New York：Columbia University Press，293.
[120] HYYY Mostaert，Antoine，trans. and Igor de Rachewiltz，ed. Le matériel mongol du Houa i i iu de Houng-ou（1389）. Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 18 and 27. Brussels：Institut belge des hautes études chinois，1977-95. I vols，9 and 25，and Serruys，Henry 1967 Sino-Mongol Relations During the Ming. Vol. 2，The Tribute System and Diplomatic Missions. Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 14. Brussels：Institut beige des hautes études chinois，200-203.1411年，明朝宫廷尝据规定为每一匹蝴贡的良驹均回赠了十匹带趁彩缎，每一只蝴贡的矛隼则回赠带趁彩缎四匹；1426年，回赠的标准大约相同。请参见Farquhar，David 1957 “Oirat-Chinese Tribute Relations.” In Studia Altaica：Festschrift für Nikolaus Poppe zum 60.Geburtstag am 8. August 1957. Wiesbaden：Otto Harrassowitz，pp. 62-63。
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[123] 基于图像资料和文字证据的相关调查，请参见Rolle，Renate 1988 “Arch?ologische Bemerkungen zum War?gerhandel.” Bericht der R?misch-Germanischen Kommission 69：513-18 and 527-29，and Hoffman，Gisela. 1957-58 “Falkenjagd und Falkenhandel in der nordischen L?ndern w?hrend des Mittelalters.” Zeitschrift der deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literature 88：139-49。
[124] Cummins，John 1988 The Hound and the Hawk：The Art of Medieval Hunting. New York：St. Martin’s Press，197-99，and Lacroix，Paul 1963 France in the Middle Ages：Customs，Classes，Conditions. New York：Frederich Unger，197，and 201-2.
[125] Frederick Ⅱ of Hohenstaufen. The Art of Falconry，Being the De Arte Venandi cum Avibus. Trans. Casey A.Wood and F.Marjorie Fyfe. Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press，1961，111.
[126] Abū’l Fidā，G Aboul Féda. Géographie d’Aboul Féda. Trans. M.Reinard. Paris：L’imprimerie nationale，1848. 2 vols.266-67. “Sanāqir”是阿拉伯语中“sunqur”一词的复数形式。
[127] Llull，Ramon. Felix，or the Book of Wonders. In Selected Works of Ramon Llull Ed. and trans. Anthony Bonner. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1985. Vol. Ⅱ.893.
[128] Qāshānī，Abū al-Qasīm. Ta’rīkh-i ?ljaytū. Ed. M.Hambly，Tehran：B.T.N.K.，1969，53，and Clavijo，Ruy Gonzales de. Embassy to Tamerlane，1403-6. Trans. Guy Le Strange. London：Routledge，1928，169-70.
[129] MRL Vernadsky，George，trans. Medieval Russian Laws. Reprint New York：Octagon Books，1974，50.
[130] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.474.
[131] SMOIZO Tizengauzen，V.，trans. Sbornik materialov otnosiashchikhsia k istorii Zolotoi Ordy. Vol. Ⅰ，Izvlecheniia iz sochinenii arabskikh. St. Petersburg：Stroganov，1884，255，318，425，427，and 445，阿拉伯语文本，and 264，318，325，441，and 438，俄语译本。
[132] Martin，Janet 1986 Treasure of the Land of Darkness：The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，90-91.
[133] GVNP Valk，S.N.ed. Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova. Moscow-Leningrad：Izdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR，1949，26，and Slovar 1975- Slovar russkogo iazyka XI-XVII vv. Moscow：Nauka，VIII vols. to date.，52.
[134] GVNP Valk，S.N.ed. Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova. Moscow-Leningrad：Izdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR，1949，142，and Sreznevskii，M. I. 1989 Materialy dlia slovaria drevnerusskogo iazyka. Vol. 3. Moscow：Kniga.，459.
[135] 这个词来自于古俄语的“pom’chishche”一词，意为“狩猎场”。请参见Fasmer，M. 1971 Etimologicheskii slovar russkogo iazyka. III vols. Moscow：Progress，324，and Slovar 1975-，XVII，38 and 41。
[136] 此术语源于突厥语，请参见Golden，Peter B. 1998-99 “The Nomadic Linguistic Impact on Pre-?inggisid Rus’and Georgia，” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 10：80-81，and Fasmer，M. 1971 Etimologicheskii slovar russkogo iazyka. I vols. Moscow：Progress，278。
[137] Dementieff，Georges 1945 “La fauconnerie en Russe：Esquisse historique.” L’oiseau et la revue fran?aise d’ornithologie 15：9-39，14ff.
[138] Herberstein Herberstein，Sigismund. Commentaries on Muscovite Affairs. Trans. Oswald P.Backus Ⅲ. Lawrence：Student Union Bookstore，University of Kansas，1956，96 and 149；Fletcher，Giles. Of the Russe Commonwealth. Ed. Richard Pipes and John V.A.Fine，Jr. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1966，11r；and Purchas，Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas，his Pilgrimes. Reprint New York：AMS Press，1965，XIII，253.
[139] Dementieff，Georges 1945 “La fauconnerie en Russe：Esquisse historique.” L’oiseau et la revue fran?aise d’ornithologie 15：27-29 and 34-35.
[140] Kliuchevskii，V. O. 1959 Terminologiia russkoi istorii. In his Sochineniia. Moscow：Izdatel’stvo sotsial’no-ekonomicheskii literatury，6：192-93，and Slovar 1975- Slovar russkogo iazyka XI-XVII vv. Moscow：Nauka，24 vols. to date，XXI，66-67.
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[142] 例如可参见Allen，W.E.D. 1961 “Trivia Historiae Ibericae，I.Gerfalcons for the King.” Bedi Karthlisa 36-37：104-10.
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[145] 引文可参见Olearius，Adam. The Travels of Olearius in 17th Century Russia. Trans. Samuel H.Baron. Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press，1967. 326；Kaempfer，Engelbert. Am Hofe der persischen Grossk?nigs，1684-1685. Trans. Walther Hinz. Tübingen and Basil：Erdmann，1977，30；Gukovskii，M. H. 1963 “Soobshchenie o Rossii Moskovskogo posla v Milan（1486 g.）.” In S.N. Valk，ed.，Voprosy istoriografii i istochnikovedeniia istorii SSSR：Sbornik statei. Moscow Leningrad：Izdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR，pp.653；Hakluyt，V Hakluyt，Richard. Voyages，London：J.M.Dent，1939. Vol. Ⅰ.365。
[146] Nikitin，Afanasii. Khozhdenie za tri moria. 2nd ed. Moscovv-Leningrad：lzdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR，1958，11，33-34，53，and 71.在他叙述的最早版本中饵出现了“devianosto”这个数字。
[147] SIRIO Sbornik imperatorkago russkago istoricheskago obshchestva. Vol. 95，Pamiatniki diplomaticheskie snoshenii moskovskago gosudarstva c Krymom，Nagaiami i Turtsieiu，part 2，1508-1521 vv.，ed. G.O.Karpov and G.O.Shtendman. St. Petersburg，n.d.，227-28.
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